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A patient has prostate cancer with bone metastasis and a history of seizures controlled with phenytoin. The oncologist orders dexamethasone for increased bone pain. Three weeks later, the patient has a seizure. The MOST likely cause of the seizure is
Detailed Rationale
Dexamethasone is a potent inducer of the CYP3A4 enzyme system, which significantly accelerates the hepatic metabolism of phenytoin. Over the three-week period, this induction lowers phenytoin blood levels, resulting in subtherapeutic concentrations and breakthrough seizures despite previously stable control. This drug-drug interaction is far more likely than new brain metastasis or direct steroid toxicity in this timeframe.
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The family of a patient with end-stage dementia has become dissatisfied with the care provided by the current hospice. After a care conference, the family decides to change to another hospice in the area. The current hospice should
Detailed Rationale
Medicare regulations permit one hospice-to-hospice transfer per benefit period without requiring revocation of the overall hospice benefit. The current hospice must coordinate a smooth transfer and forward all records to the new agency.
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During the course of chemotherapy, a patient reports inability to complete activities of daily living due to fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea on exertion. On room air, pulse oxygen is 96% at rest and 95% after activity. Which of the following is the nurse's BEST intervention?
Detailed Rationale
Near-normal oxygen saturation with profound fatigue and exertional dyspnea in a chemotherapy patient is highly suggestive of anemia from bone-marrow suppression. Checking hemoglobin is the essential first step before symptomatic treatment.
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A palliative patient with multiple myeloma is now exhibiting symptoms of confusion, lethargy, anorexia, and constipation. Which of the following is the BEST nursing action?
Detailed Rationale
Confusion, lethargy, and anorexia in multiple myeloma are classic signs of hypercalcemia, a life-threatening oncologic emergency. A chemistry panel to check calcium level is urgently needed.
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An older adult hospice patient describes going on a trip to meet their mother. The patient is MOST likely experiencing
Detailed Rationale
Symbolic language about travel and meeting deceased loved ones is classic nearing-death awareness, a common and usually peaceful phenomenon in the final weeks of life.
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A patient with end-stage congestive heart failure is being aggressively treated with multiple cardiac medications. When asked what their goals of care are, they reply I want to stop all of my medication and be allowed to die in peace. Neither the family nor the cardiologist support the patient's decision. Which of the following is the nurse's BEST action?
Detailed Rationale
When a capacitated patient's expressed wish to discontinue life-prolonging treatment conflicts with family and physician preferences, an ethics consultation is the most appropriate way to protect patient autonomy and facilitate resolution.
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What behavior indicates the need for clinician training on positive coping skills?
Detailed Rationale
Frequent tardiness is a behavioral indicator of burnout and ineffective coping mechanisms. Commemoration, reflection, and even temporary depersonalization can be normal grief responses, but persistent lateness suggests the clinician needs support and training.
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A bedbound older adult patient is found alone at home. It is evident that medication doses have been missed and the patient is in pain. As the nurse completes the assessment, the patient's daughter arrives. The nurse should FIRST
Detailed Rationale
Leaving a bedbound patient unattended with missed medications and uncontrolled pain constitutes neglect. Mandatory reporting to Adult Protective Services is required before any other intervention.
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A patient with lung cancer always rates pain more than 5 out of 10. The caregiver states, I do not want to give the morphine, because it will stop their breathing. Which of the following is the nurse's BEST response?
Detailed Rationale
The evidence-based, compassionate response directly addresses the caregiver's fear: when opioids are titrated appropriately for pain, clinically significant respiratory depression is extremely rare in opioid-tolerant patients.
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When accounting for volunteer service hours, a Medicare-certified hospice program should report
Detailed Rationale
Medicare requires documentation of all volunteer hours (both direct patient/family support and administrative/support functions) to meet the regulatory 5% volunteer effort requirement.
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If a patient requires costly palliative treatments, which of the following is the MOST appropriate action for the hospice-admitting nurse to take?
Detailed Rationale
Expensive treatments unrelated to comfort (e.g., palliative chemotherapy or radiation) require a pre-admission goals-of-care conference to clarify what hospice will cover and how the patient wishes to proceed.
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An LVN/LPN on the hospice continuous care team has provided care and made changes to the plan of care without collaborating with the supervisory RN on two recent occasions. The RN's MOST appropriate initial course of action is to
Detailed Rationale
Scope-of-practice violations and patient safety concerns are first addressed privately and directly with the involved clinician to provide education, understand the situation, and prevent recurrence.
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Nursing supervision of a nursing assistant in the home should routinely include evaluation of
Detailed Rationale
Infection control practices (hand hygiene, glove use, safe handling of body fluids) are critical patient safety standards that must be consistently evaluated during supervisory visits.
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A new home hospice patient has an infected leg wound requiring daily dressing changes. The family is committed to taking care of the patient at home, but admit to being sleep deprived. The nurse's INITIAL conversation with the family should include a discussion about
Detailed Rationale
Preventing caregiver burnout begins with helping the family establish sustainable self-care routines early. Respite and continuous care are later options if self-care strategies fail.
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Which of the following is MOST significant in determining a prognosis and hospice eligibility for a patient with end-stage lung disease?
Detailed Rationale
Functional decline (bed-to-chair existence, minimal verbal interaction, dependence in ADLs) is the strongest predictor of six-month prognosis in non-malignant pulmonary disease per Medicare local coverage determinations.
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The primary purpose of a symptom management algorithm is to
Detailed Rationale
Algorithms provide standardized, evidence-based, step-by-step guidance for managing common symptoms (pain, dyspnea, nausea) to ensure consistent, high-quality care across clinicians.
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A patient with a stomach tumor describes the abdominal pain as pressure with cramping, and also reports right suprascapular pain. The types of pain described are
Detailed Rationale
Deep, cramping, poorly localized pressure is visceral pain from the tumor; referred pain to the right shoulder is classic for diaphragmatic irritation from subdiaphragmatic pathology.
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A patient has intractable pain. The continuous IV morphine has been titrated to 100 mg/hour. Which of the following side effects is MOST likely to appear at this dose?
Detailed Rationale
At very high opioid doses (>200-300 mg morphine equivalent/day), neurotoxicity manifesting as myoclonus, delirium, and hyperalgesia becomes common.
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Which of the following represents an appropriate example of the World Health Organization Analgesic Ladder for Cancer Pain Management?
Detailed Rationale
Step 1: non-opioid (acetaminophen); Step 2: weak opioid + non-opioid (hydrocodone/ibuprofen); Step 3: strong opioid (morphine).
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The MOST desired outcome of an organization's quality improvement plan is to
Detailed Rationale
The ultimate goal of any quality improvement initiative is measurable improvement in patient outcomes and processes, not merely planning or identifying problems.
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Which of the following is MOST significant in determining a prognosis and hospice eligibility for a patient with end-stage lung disease?
Detailed Rationale
Decline in functional status (bed-to-chair existence, minimal verbal interaction) is the strongest prognostic indicator in non-malignant lung disease.
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Within the last week, a terminally ill patient has become restless, forgetful, and incoherent. The caregiver reports that the patient often moans loudly at night, despite the use of morphine. Which of the following should the nurse do FIRST?
Detailed Rationale
Acute delirium requires systematic evaluation for reversible causes (opioid toxicity, hypercalcemia, infection, urinary retention) before treating symptomatically.
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Acetaminophen may be inadvisable in patients with a history of
Detailed Rationale
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is generally safe and preferred over NSAIDs in patients with a history of gastritis, duodenal ulcer, or aspirin sensitivity because it does not inhibit gastric prostaglandins or cause significant gastrointestinal mucosal injury. However, in patients with chronic or heavy alcohol abuse, acetaminophen metabolism produces the toxic metabolite NAPQI in greater amounts due to induction of CYP2E1 and potential depletion of glutathione stores, markedly increasing the risk of severe hepatotoxicity even at therapeutic doses (especially >2–3 g/day). Major guidelines (AASLD, EASL, FDA warnings) identify active heavy alcohol use or alcoholism as a key risk factor for acetaminophen-induced liver injury, making it relatively contraindicated or requiring extreme caution and dose reduction in this population. The other conditions listed do not contraindicate acetaminophen use.
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A patient with an implanted cardiac defibrillator (ICD) and a diagnosis of end-stage heart failure is considering enrolling in hospice. The patient would like to know if the ICD must be turned off upon enrollment. The ICD
Detailed Rationale
Patients may keep ICD shock function active if they wish; deactivation is a personal choice, not a Medicare requirement.
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A hospice patient with metastatic ovarian cancer is on a continuous morphine infusion at 100 mg/hour with a bolus of 30 mg every 15 minutes as needed. During assessment, the nurse notices somnolence, abdominal distention, decreased bowel sounds, and involuntary jerking movements of the upper extremities. The nurse should obtain an order for
Detailed Rationale
High-dose opioid neurotoxicity (myoclonus, delirium) is best managed by opioid rotation to a different opioid (e.g., fentanyl, methadone) at a lower equianalgesic dose.
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Which of the following is caused by irritation of the phrenic nerve?
Detailed Rationale
Phrenic nerve irritation (often from diaphragmatic tumor or gastric distention) is a common cause of intractable hiccups in cancer patients.
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A patient with advanced prostate cancer has been referred for hospice services. The physician explains to the patient that their disease is now end-stage, but the patient believes the Lord has healed them. At the admission visit, the patient is experiencing progressive weakness and anorexia. Which of the following should the nurse do?
Detailed Rationale
Hospice admission does not require the patient to verbally accept the prognosis; if the clinical criteria are met and the patient consents to comfort care, spiritual denial is respected.
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A caregiver reports insomnia and increasing irritability when caring for the patient. During interdisciplinary team review, which of the following levels of care is MOST appropriate for the patient?
Detailed Rationale
Caregiver exhaustion and irritability are the primary indications for inpatient respite care (up to 5 days) to prevent collapse.
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Weight loss, temporal wasting, and fatigue are characteristic of
Detailed Rationale
Cancer cachexia is the syndrome of profound weight loss, muscle wasting (including temporal muscles), and fatigue that does not fully reverse with nutrition.
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After the death of a favorite patient, a nurse may facilitate a family's closure by
Detailed Rationale
Sending a personal condolence card is a simple, meaningful way nurses help families with closure and is encouraged in hospice practice.
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A hospice patient with ALS lives at home with their partner. The nurse was notified that the partner was just admitted to the hospital with signs of a stroke. The patient is unable to be at home unassisted. The nurse arranges for aides to stay with the patient until arrangements can be made for admission into a nursing home. This is an example of:
Detailed Rationale
Arranging 24-hour aide coverage temporarily escalates the level of care to continuous home care level until a safe disposition is arranged.
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A male patient has been diagnosed with advanced breast carcinoma. As the carcinoma progresses, the hospice nurse should be aware of the possibility for:
Detailed Rationale
Advanced breast carcinoma in men, like in women, most commonly metastasizes to bone (in up to 70–80% of cases with stage IV disease), making skeletal involvement the predominant site of distant spread; as the disease progresses, osteolytic or mixed metastases weaken cortical bone and significantly increase the risk of pathological fractures, particularly in weight-bearing areas (spine, ribs, femur, humerus). This complication is a major source of pain, immobility, and morbidity in late-stage breast cancer and is a hospice priority for prevention (bisphosphonates/radiotherapy) and management. Malignant ascites and prostate metastasis are rare in male breast cancer, and while renal carcinoma can coexist as a second primary, it is not a metastatic manifestation of the breast primary, making pathological fractures the only complication among the options that the nurse should specifically anticipate as the carcinoma advances.
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When can a patient change hospice agencies per regulatory guidelines?
Detailed Rationale
Medicare Hospice Benefit regulations (42 CFR § 418.30) explicitly allow a patient (or representative) to change the designation of the hospice agency once during each benefit period (the initial 90-day period, the subsequent 90-day period, and each unlimited 60-day period thereafter); the transfer requires a signed revocation of the current hospice, immediate election of the new agency using the standard election statement, and filing of a transfer agreement form, with no requirement for a face-to-face visit, recertification completion, or expiration of the current period. This “one transfer per period” rule prevents multiple switches within the same period that could disrupt continuity or create billing conflicts, making “once per election benefit period” the only correct option under current CMS guidelines.
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A home hospice patient with cancer, who is on a ventilator for an unrelated previous spinal cord injury, recently told their nurse that they wish to visit their family at their home, 3 hours away. Which of the following ways can the nurse BEST facilitate the patient's wishes?
Detailed Rationale
Helping the patient clarify what they hope to accomplish by the visit (closure, legacy, etc.) guides realistic planning given ventilator dependence.
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A terminally ill hospice patient has uncontrolled nausea and vomiting. Which of the following is the nurse's MOST appropriate initial recommendation?
Detailed Rationale
For a patient who cannot keep anything down, a rectal or parenteral route (prochlorperazine suppository) is the fastest, most reliable initial intervention.
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Radiation therapy is MOST likely to be a treatment option for a patient with
Detailed Rationale
Radiation therapy is most likely to be a treatment option for metastatic bone pain because it provides highly effective, localized palliation (response rates 60–90%) by reducing tumor burden, inhibiting osteoclast activity, and decreasing inflammatory cytokine release in osseous metastases; guidelines from ASTRO, NCCN, and ESMO designate external-beam radiation (single-fraction or short-course) as a cornerstone of therapy for painful bone metastases, often with rapid onset of relief within days to weeks. In contrast, abdominal carcinomatosis is typically diffuse peritoneal disease best managed with systemic chemotherapy or palliative procedures, pleural effusion is primarily treated with thoracentesis or indwelling catheters, and nerve plexus pain (e.g., brachial or lumbosacral plexopathy) is usually managed with opioids, adjuvants, nerve blocks, or intrathecal therapy rather than radiation (which is reserved for select focal plexus lesions), making bone pain the only condition among the options for which radiation is routinely a first-line palliative treatment.
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A patient with prostate cancer has been ambulatory and able to perform most self-care. Their appetite has been fair in the past week, and opioids and laxatives were increased due to symptom changes. Upon arrival at the home, the hospice nurse finds that the patient is confused. Which of the following are MOST pertinent to the nurse's assessment?
Detailed Rationale
New confusion in a patient with recent opioid and laxative escalation strongly suggests opioid-induced neurotoxicity or constipation/hypercalcemia; assessing pain control and bowel status is critical.
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Upon election of the Medicare Hospice Benefit, the hospice provides medications, supplies, and equipment
Detailed Rationale
Under the Medicare Hospice Benefit (42 CFR § 418.202), hospice covers all medications, durable medical equipment, and supplies that are reasonable and necessary for palliation and management of the terminal illness and related conditions; these are provided at no cost to the patient or family (not on a fee-for-service basis or as requested solely by the caregiver). Coverage is limited to items directly related to the terminal diagnosis and its associated symptoms (e.g., pain medications, oxygen, wound supplies for cancer-related ulcers), whereas drugs or equipment for unrelated comorbidities or purely to maintain independence (e.g., walker for old hip fracture) are typically not covered by hospice and remain the responsibility of regular Medicare Part D or Part B. This “relatedness” requirement is a core regulatory distinction of the benefit, making “related to the terminal diagnosis” the only correct answer among the options.
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Which of the following adjuvant medications is helpful in the control of episodic burning pain?
Detailed Rationale
Episodic burning pain is the hallmark of neuropathic pain, particularly lancinating, shooting, or electric-shock-like pain (neuralgia), and anticonvulsants such as gabapentin, pregabalin, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine are first-line adjuvant analgesics for this pain pattern because they stabilize neuronal membranes and inhibit ectopic discharges in damaged nerves through sodium-channel blockade, enhanced GABA activity, or calcium-channel modulation. Multiple evidence-based guidelines (IASP, NICE, and NeuPSIG) and systematic reviews specifically recommend anticonvulsants for episodic burning/lancinating neuropathic pain (e.g., trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia), whereas stimulants are used for opioid-induced sedation, antihistamines may help pruritus or nausea, and antispasmodics target visceral smooth-muscle spasm rather than neuropathic mechanisms, making anticonvulsants the only appropriate choice among the listed options
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A 16 French catheter with a 30 ml balloon was inserted in a patient for urinary retention, secondary to prostate cancer. The catheter is draining well, but the patient is experiencing bladder spasms. Which of the following should be the nurse's FIRST intervention?
Detailed Rationale
A 30 ml balloon in the sensitive prostate area is a common cause of spasms; reducing to 10 ml or using a smaller balloon often resolves the problem.
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A patient rates their pain as 0 on a scale of 0 to 10, but the nurse observes them grimacing with guarded movement. When the nurse questions the patient's pain rating, they respond, I'm just fine. There is nothing you can do anyway. Which of the following is the MOST important consideration for the nurse?
Detailed Rationale
Stoicism, fear of addiction, cultural beliefs, or feeling like a burden often lead patients to under-report pain despite obvious signs; the nurse must explore these factors.
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Which of the following is an undesirable effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
Detailed Rationale
Dyspepsia (epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, or heartburn) is a well-recognized and common undesirable effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) occurring in up to 20–30% of users due to direct mucosal irritation and, more importantly, inhibition of gastroprotective prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2) in the stomach, which can progress to gastritis, peptic ulcers, or gastrointestinal bleeding. In contrast, urinary retention is primarily associated with anticholinergic or opioid medications, pyrexia is not a typical NSAID side effect (NSAIDs are actually antipyretic), and constipation is far more characteristic of opioids than NSAIDs (which may occasionally cause diarrhea via prostaglandin-mediated effects). Clinical guidelines and pharmacology references consistently list dyspepsia and broader upper gastrointestinal toxicity as the most frequent and clinically significant adverse effects of NSAIDs.
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A hospice agency asks an RN case manager to become a member of the Quality Assessment Performance Improvement committee and to present the outcome of the Performance Improvement Plan at the next all-staff meeting. This is an example of
Detailed Rationale
Serving on the agency’s Quality Assessment Performance Improvement (QAPI) committee and presenting the results of a Performance Improvement Plan at an all-staff meeting is a voluntary professional contribution that demonstrates leadership, commitment to quality care, and engagement in organizational governance; it falls squarely under the broad category of “participating in professional nursing activities” as recognized by the ANA Scope and Standards of Practice, Hospice and Palliative Nursing Scope and Standards, and most state boards of nursing when evaluating professional portfolio or relicensure requirements. It is neither required for basic license renewal (which typically mandates only continuing education hours), nor part of a mandatory individual professional development plan, nor counted as formal continuing education contact hours unless the agency specifically awards CE credit, making participation in professional nursing activities the only accurate description among the options.
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A patient with Parkinson's disease is unsteady on their feet and falls repeatedly. Their partner is uncertain how to help them. To ensure patient safety, the nurse should FIRST
Detailed Rationale
Fall prevention begins with a home safety evaluation (remove rugs, improve lighting, install grab bars) before assistive devices or increased help.
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A patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis becomes aphasic. Which of the following should the nurse expect?
Detailed Rationale
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), aphasia typically occurs in patients with bulbar-onset or bulbar-predominant disease or in those with frontotemporal dementia overlap (FTD-ALS), but in pure motor ALS (the majority of cases), even when speech is lost due to progressive dysarthria or anarthria, cognition remains intact because the disease primarily affects motor neurons rather than cortical language or memory centers. Extensive neuropsychological studies and consensus guidelines (EFNS, AAN) confirm that most patients with ALS who become aphasic secondary to bulbar weakness retain preserved cognition, insight, and memory, enabling them to communicate effectively through augmentative devices, eye-gaze systems, or writing; in contrast, inability to process information, memory loss, and disorientation are features of comorbid FTD-ALS (seen in only 10–15% of cases) rather than ALS itself, making normal cognitive function the expected finding in the typical aphasic ALS patient.
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Which of the following is the MOST common complication related to percutaneous epidural catheters?
Detailed Rationale
CathIn hospice and palliative care settings, percutaneous epidural catheters (tunneled or non-tunneled) are most frequently complicated by catheter displacement or dislodgement (reported incidence 10–25% in long-term use), which can occur from patient movement, loose dressings, or subcutaneous tunneling failure, resulting in loss of analgesia and potential medication leakage. While dural perforation, epidural vein thrombosis, and fibrosis/epidural scarring can occur, they are far less common in modern practice with soft-tip catheters and imaging guidance; large case series and reviews (e.g., from the Journal of Pain and Symptom Management and regional anesthesia registries) consistently identify accidental dislodgement or migration of the catheter tip as the leading cause of epidural treatment failure and the most common reason for re-intervention, making displacement the correct choice among the options.eter displacement/migration is the most frequent complication of long-term epidural analgesia in palliative care.
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A hospice patient's pain has stabilized while in an inpatient unit (IPU). The patient will be transferred back home under routine home care services. The nurse's FIRST responsibility is to
Detailed Rationale
Safe discharge requires that medications (especially opioids) are delivered and available at home before the patient arrives to prevent pain crises.
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Which of the following medications is MOST effective for bone pain when combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories?
Detailed Rationale
Bone pain from metastases is primarily nociceptive (prostaglandin-mediated inflammation and periosteal stretching) with variable neuropathic components; NSAIDs are first-line because they directly block prostaglandin synthesis in bone, but when added to NSAIDs, opioids provide the most effective multimodal relief through central and peripheral mu-receptor agonism that addresses both ongoing nociceptive transmission and breakthrough pain. Randomized trials, meta-analyses (Cochrane, ESMO, NCCN guidelines), and consensus statements consistently demonstrate superior analgesia with opioid + NSAID combinations compared with either class alone, whereas anticonvulsants and antidepressants are primarily indicated for neuropathic components (not the dominant mechanism in most bone pain), and anxiolytics have no direct analgesic effect, making opioids the medication class that, when combined with NSAIDs, is most effective for metastatic bone pain.
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In a patient with end-stage renal disease, a nurse should suspect hyperkalemia when the patient is observed to be
Detailed Rationale
In end-stage renal disease, hyperkalemia is a life-threatening complication caused by impaired potassium excretion, and its earliest and most clinically significant neuromuscular manifestation is profound muscle weakness (often ascending and flaccid) due to depolarization blockade and inactivation of sodium channels in skeletal muscle; this weakness can rapidly progress to paralysis and cardiac arrhythmias. Classic ECG changes and symptoms appear at serum potassium levels >6.5–7 mEq/L, but extreme weakness frequently precedes them and is the most reliable clinical clue in a non-monitored home or hospice setting. Increasing anorexia and salty-food craving are more typical of uremia or hyponatremia, while double vision suggests cranial neuropathy from uremic toxins or metabolic disturbances other than hyperkalemia, making extreme weakness the only finding among the options that should prompt the nurse to suspect hyperkalemia urgently.
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